by: Freddy Plaza
Much has been discussed whether there really is so post-modern, I mean a new era, a new society, one of the defenders is Edgar Morin, the epistemologist considered a bricoleor of knowledge (is a sort of intellectual con-truye skilled than something with all that is within reach) with its new approach the epistemology of complexity tells us that the socio-psycho-cultural be observed in a complex way that is, not from Comtean epistemology (methodological monism) positivism ie, (a linear, to mutilating, reductionist, one-dimensional) of social facts, social reality, and that this social reality, is systematically integrated in the order-disorder - organization, con-truyéndose and de-constructed dialogue, to overcome this knowledge that isolated Classical science was the phenomena, saying that everything was subject to a permanent ordinance, with the effectiveness of predictors of deterministic in the numerical verifiability, that is why we must overcome the sociological (is a philosophical approach and methodology as the only source of knowledge, deterministic vision of the social = 1 .-) the positivism of August Comte 2 .-) the Marxism of Karl Marx 3 .-) theory of knowledge Karl Mannheim 3 .-) Émile Durkheim's structuralism, and psychologism (prevalence of psychological standpoint, with a relationship with positivism, schools = 1 .-) behaviorism Watson, Skinner, (but we are still in pre-historical thinking, says this philosopher).
Morin defines the complexity, a quantitative phenomenon an extreme amount interactions and interference between a large number of units (neurons and brain epi-genetic, social self and the world, biological determinism and indeterminism social, man and society, society and societies), this knowledge we have of change and development indeterminacy of the universe (which occurred 15 billion years), based on the second law of thermodynamics as entropy (disorder) and neguentropic (order), in which the universe is integrated and decays, all this applies in societal thinking in science (as stated in the epistemologist Paul Feyerabend, all theory is bio-degradable) complex thinking in three dimensions = the dialogical, recursive and the hologram, the first dimension = is the complementary and antagonistic logics that are linked to the unit producing organization and complexity, such disorder is order. The origin of the cultures, the origin of life, the second dimension = breaks with linear causality is self-productive and self-organization example. the evolution of species-ontogenetic = edge, the third dimension = the whole is enrolled in such parties. man is to see biological, cultural, social.
Feyerabend in his book Against Method, tells us that it must re-learn other knowledge that are included in the scientific, knowledge that comes from the myths (1.-contributions to medicine primitive ideas on the knowledge of herbs 2 .- Copernicus attempted to adapt old ideas Philolaus, which said the sun was the center of the universe, taken by all, illogical, 3 .- the detailed classification of animals and plants that have certain primitive tribes etc.), which is why his critique of positivism (methodological monism = where there is only knowledge, no single absolute method to explain the social, or universal laws, concepts totalitarian monopoly), the hermeneutics aside, telling himself an anarchist methodological Its epistemological, a science open to methodological pluralism (multiple points of view to the development of science), the reflexive view of Feyerabend is going against modernity, and usher in a post-modern. From the social (diversity realities), in the scientific (laws biodegradable). Manuel Castells
Another thinker poses the emergence of another company differently, (the previous century), a global company, with the third technological revolution (originates at the end of World War II and the product of that, at present made inquiries = bio-technology, micro-electronics, robotics), the revolution Information technology and communication (information and telecommunicative) has re-built capitalism as we knew (in what was a mass production), a new capitalism an informational mode of development in which technical and social innovation suit the changing needs of today's world economics in expanded markets (globalization), where is generated, processed, and extends the knowledge-based information and communication flows freely over the Internet global computer at generating new forms of socialization.
An example of technological advancement in today's world is on psychiatric disorders and normal brain function with neuroimaging and imaging techniques (the PET = positron emission tomography), the magneto-encephalogram (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), all has allowed a better knowledge than we had in the past two decades on the functions of the mind and brain bases operate through the integrated study of social-science-law (a new discipline that arises from the combination of social psychology, sociology, cognitive neurosciences = the study of neural systems and biological processes in psychosocial events).
The post-modern philosopher Lyortar (critical of the totalitarian systems) hiéndose on the meta-narratives own speeches in religious (Christianity), economic (capitalism), ideology (Marxism), considered absolute truths that did not lead liberation, we must act on the disciplinary, there are many scenarios to produce changes in the post-modern meta-narratives these are des-Truyen, rationality is not, there is total knowledge. The plural and culturally diverse in what he espoused.
undeniable change has occurred in the sciences (Morin says, Feyerabend, Bunge and others) on how investigations should be treated, is because different scenarios, from the psi-biological, socio-politico-economic, epistemological, a product of constant evolution, so recursive (production produces a product that produces and re-produce), generated by not having a knowledge omnubilado in sociology and integrate the complex (the inter-trans-multi-disciplinary), shaped by the post-modern historical development.
