The basic tenets of systemic-constructivist approach concerning the issue are:
General Systems Theory (Von Bertalannffy) 1, whereby a system is a set of elements in dynamic interaction in which the status of each item is determined by the relationships you have with each of the other elements that make up the system 2.
Paradigm of Complexity (Morin) 3, the family system is a complex system, its events are multifaceted and multi-causal, because there is a constant circularity and interconnection among members of a system while the eco-system re-organize dialogues as noted Morin. The family structure is socially and structurally socialize.
Cybernetics (Wiener) 4 The Socio Cybernetics, takes the concept of "feedback", determines that any conduct of a member of a system is transformed into information for others. In this sense we speak of positive or negative feedback, as the shares tend to morfostasis or morphogenesis of the family system. Bio-cybernetics, takes the concept of "homeostasis" (Cannon), which provides feedback from the tendency to maintain this balance and the re-organization of the circuit. This concept of homeostasis Bertalannffy was criticized for violating the second law of thermodynamics, the principle of entropy, but is now widely accepted by theorists of Systemic Family Therapy, which verifies that one of the main problems of systemic research symptoms (Paradoxes) communication is not unrelated to the construction of the evolution of their own paradigm. An interesting topic for systems analysis in sociology of science.
The communication theory of Palo Alto (Watzlawick 1967) 5
Axiom 1. It is impossible not to communicate
Any behavior of a member of a value system has a message for others.
Axiom 2. Communication occurs on two levels, the digital and analog, depending on the type of code in this encrypted message.
Axioms 3. Communication relationships can be symmetrical or complementary, depending on the seniority of its partners.
the foregoing systemic research is concerned with the manner in which participants in communication, mark, guidelines or interpret the communication streams, and how are you fit as multi-causal effects of interactions and possible disturbances in self- relations systems.
Evolution
systemic theory also used evolutionary concepts, such as considering different stages of development, for example, a family system (dating, marriage, procreation, or childhood, adolescence, maturity). Thus becomes important not only what happens in each of these phases, but the crises that accompany the passage of each developmental stage to another, which are considered as phase transitions in the system. We also interpret evolutionarily how to redirect patterns of relationship in a given system, the reorganization of the intra-and inter systemic way to self-re-creation of new systems, the building them, changing family structure, couple, relate, new patterns of organization, etc..
FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY 6. Equivalent reflections according to the principles of Bertalannffy and Wiener, M. Bowen creator of this school, at the same time (the fifties) postulated that the lack of intrafamilial boundaries caused the subjective individuation des was the cause of many psychological disorders including psychosis. Social constructionism
Berger and Luckman7, following Marx, Weber, Mead, and Schutz, argue that social systems construct their reality Through processes of primary and secondary socialization, so that each system produces its own "symbolic universe" and "socially constructed their reality."
Radical Constructivism.
second-order cybernetics. The reality is also familiar cybernetic theory explains the realities of first and second order. Von Foerster (1974) 8 postulates that the observer can operate as an observer first and second order to observe a system. Thus when this system is involved in co-constructing a reality of the first order and when out of the system involved the co-building a second-order reality. Epistemology
Observer (Maturana) 9 Humberto Maturana10 from cognitive biology, socio-posed the system with the same characteristics of the bio-system, ie a system where the environment serves closing stimuli therefore more data entries represent perturbations in co-drift with environment, construct a particular reality for onsite system, disturbances in the system (family conflict in this case) represent autopoietic dynamics that gives morfostasis the system, so the system retains its identity through continued structural drift as all system is structurally determined, in co-drift with the environment which in turn follows its own structural drift.
THEORY OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS. according to Maturana, N. Luhman autopoies takes the concept to the study of social systems, incorporates the concept of family and other institutions in society and posited as self-organizing circuits between which communication is only possible through the co-disturbance (co-drift structural) to Luhman society is not composed of individuals, if no communication, so the family to be closed as the system responds to the same laws as other social systems.
Interactional Since systemic view, Watslawik12 suggests that the family situation is a reality of the first order, so its members could not achieve the objective and that will always be from within the system perturbed by the interactions of this, it validates the concept of deconstruction as Gergen13 therapists or Minuccin19 structural system that are considered co-developers of the reality of the family involved and also the much more distant position of systemic post-rationalist and De Shaezer14 Milan15 or group in which it intends to intervene in the system as a second order operator. DOUBLE LINK
first principles designed by Von Bertalanffy (1950) and Wiener (1940) were taken by Bateson, Jakson, Haley and Weakland (toward a theory of schizophrenia. 1962) to consider working hypothesis about the type of communication that experienced by families where a patient works as a symptom psychotic family. Arriving to raise the theory of "double bind" or paradoxical communication entropiza family relationship to the point that one of its members charged with the symptoms of psychosis as a "scapegoat, the double bind theory was used to build new theories different areas such as communication, sociology, psychiatry, psychology, anthropology, etc.
Double features Link as a phenomenon psycho-socio-pathology in family communication are: • The
Two or more people. For purposes of our problem call to another wing of the victim and the victimizer, in the event that the system is comprised of more than two people the victim would still be considered a person and all other offenders, the victim is a victim of the system but this labeling only meets teaching functions in explaining this phenomenon. • Experience
repeated, recurring experience in the life of the victim. The structure of the double bond becomes a normal expectation.
negative
• A primary mandate:
not do this thing, or will punish you.
If you do not do such a thing will punish you.
The punishment can be the withdrawal of love to the abandonment or the expression of hatred and anger.
• A secondary mandate digital communication transmitted through a first term collides with more abstract communication transmitted by analog and enforced by punishments or signals which threaten survival.
• A tertiary negative term that prevents the victim from escaping the area. The term disability is a result of the above, and the impairment can be a threat of withdrawal of love to the abandonment or the expression of hatred and anger or cognitive lock such as a cultural belief that stigmatizes those who are freed from the yoke family. Traditional cultural examples are:
• Only low-life women living alone.
• Only l @ s hij @ s ill leave her family to go and live independent mind.
· Before maintain your own home must first be able to keep your parent.
· Any separation from her husband for women is regarded as a failure.
· All this is not necessary when the victim has learned to perceive his universe in double bind patterns.
communication
This paradox is not unique psicotizante family, but what I can see it more clearly, as Keeney (1983) humor, poetry and creativity in general are characterized by using logical paradox, even non psicotizantes messages such as dual-link phenomenon. Double blind
THE
many authors systemic approach that covered the topic of domestic abuse from this perspective, but it is worth quoting in this work M. Ravazzola22 who spent years studying abusive families and came to consider the hypothesis that parallel "dual link" in psicotizantes families, there was a phenomenon I call "double blind" in abusive families.
The term "Double Blind" is taken metaphorically of an example eye used by Von Foerster (1994) to explain how it is not, is not an object in a given surface proximity, there is a blind spot and we do not realize that our mind constructs an illusory coherence in the picture viewer .
The "Double Blind" in domestic abuse is a phenomenon of anesthesia where no members of the "circuit of family violence are not what they are not ill-treated, ie do not know they do not see her discomfort."
anesthesia abuse appears to deny the abuse, followed by a denial of that denial in the form of a double anesthesia in which the abuser does not see that is not abusive and is not abused is not that is misused. This phenomenon has been called by Corsi as "the invisivilizacion in family violence"
This phenomenon accounts for the cycle of violence in which acts of abuse "are repeated, perpetuate and most contaminated" in the words of Ravazzola. This is because in the scene where the abuse is perpetrated there hypnotic phenomena such anesthetize the conscience of the effects of abuse. The abuser would even hypnotist and hypnotized abused in private is their normal controls, change into a trance state and is willing to do or permit to do what would in another scene. This also happens to own abuser who is anesthetized you do not get the feel of her own discomfort with himself for his action.
In this line of argument Ravazzola (1997) analyzes the process of invisibility and naturalization from double-blind. The author argues that social violence tends to repeat itself when it does not register the discomfort it generates, understood as emotional dissonance. Registration aware of the discomfort that should appear in front of their practice, is what allows people involved react, that is, try some different action to enable interrupt the violence. Abuse in family relationships is repeated because the actors do not see their distress, and they see they see not, definition of the phenomenon double blind. This not see that there are lies in the social gender beliefs that justify and make possible the violent practices in the environment of the relations between men and women.
Ravazzola For families where it appears the phenomenon of "double blind" are families where there are at least three instances in play as social actors:
1. Abuser, 2. Abuse @ and 3. Enhancer context. ABUSER
victim feel what your partner and your hij @ do or not do, and fears that they become independent and leave it.
His own feelings are central to it. Open
him little room to resonate with the feelings of others.
feel you must exercise control over the acts of others.
supposed to give vent to his feelings, you do not need self contained.
assumes that it is others especially the abused person who is self contained. Cree
that no outsider should intervene in family disputes.
Their behavior is often repeated even usual against the operator and other social @ s author @ s contextual instance are:
Grita, it is impolite to abuse @, humiliates, orders, give orders., Despises., Disqualifies ., criticism., makes rude gestures, requires no thanks., does not recognize achievements or merits hits., threats, extortion, it pushes., trampling, choke, pinch, slap, teases, provokes, seduces looking to ally with the third party against the abuse @. No records
outrage and violence to their own violent acts, he sees that he sees its arbitrariness, its violence, dependency and the damage it causes to abuse @.
abuse @
does not look like @ central and starred in their social system, is considered random and secondary @ @, does not feel the protagonist of his own life project, thinks that living for others (hij @ s, husband parents)
has low self-esteem.
not aware of their resources. Think
not entitled to the defense. Cree
the abuse @ r own knowledge.
justifies the punishment received depending on their bad behavior.
think there is something wrong in itself. Cree
power that fails to contain the abuser. Explains
punishment he considered provocative.
no responsibility gives the abuser for what he does, that in turn is or has been victim of otr @ s.
confers authority to the abuser.
It gives the address of the abuser truth value.
feel embarrassed by their condition. Cree
that no outsider should intervene in family disputes.
Their behaviors are the usual support, care, support the abuser of various and complex ways.
I do not see that he sees is his own suffering, the injustice of their situation, the danger running their health and life, nor is aware of its ability to react and their right to defend itself.
When the woman is abused, this alienated from gender socialization often:
believe that thanks to the effects of unconditional love can change the abuser. Cree
that treating the abuser will either return the good treatment
believe that if faced with the aggressor, aggression and will be multiplied
Cree worse is she who should relieve the discomfort of the abuser
believe that she has no power to
change things ENHANCER CULTURAL CONTEXT
In the beliefs of the abuser and the abused are no matches, these matches sustain and perpetuate the abuse and that communication between the abused and abused as all communication is by a coordination of coordinations maturana consensual.
SYMPTOMS OF FAMILY COMMUNICATION IN THE DOUBLE BLIND
Ravazzola also describes what she calls: Tips in the talks, events communication or language games that constitute "Symptoms Communicational" 16 and that are present in everyday speech of the actors family abuse.
This dysfunctional family communication, family members loa communicate through speech as symptomatic and builders of the phenomenon are impossible to they stand outside the problem, therefore the objective before the phenomenon becomes impossible they can not foresee the situation can only live and that the abuse occurs, who participates in it must somehow validate accept explanations that allow a family member is expected to care for and protect others, the physical attacks.
Thus the repetition of the abuse scenes follow one after another to effect self-confirms that favor the continuity of a single line of communication, communication symptomatic in which research has found the following Returning:
not clear who is the recipient of the message. (Ambiguity-triangulation).
It is unclear who requested the wish.
inconsistent use of tenses. (Triangulation of the excluded middle). Reply
something that has nothing to do with what is being asked.
change tenses and modes of communication.
incongruous text message. Brusco
axis change. Explanation
-justification for aggression. Talking
made by other that is not present. Overlay
voices.
Adjournment. Generalizations
.
Globalizations.
These elements are accompanied by interactions such as threats, rewards, punishments, insults, rude insults, hitting, pushing, multiple maltreatment, orders and meta-rules that prevent changes or revisions of what is happening.
Getting into the issue of conjugal violence familiat us on a journey by a web of values, symbols, behaviors and institutions that have been woven and rewoven over time and becomes a medium and important concept, as culture is to understand what being a man and woman, and how to build and mean social phenomena and / or our reality (Montecinos, 1991)
The phenomenon of Double-Blind is structured as a double negative in communication, and becomes invisible to who is within the family system and so l @ s @ s interlocutor that flawed communication do not see that their problems are not so work on your model of reality as the first order we can alert observers of the family system, we can see why we operate as an observer @ s @ s from the model of reality second order. If a sociologist of science @ decide analyze our work from the same philosophy, I would be watching from a model of reality of the third order could then see new implications that are invisible even to us @ s @ s observer of second order.
The phenomenon of double and Blind and the Double Bind, are no strangers to each other, it could be argued from the dynamics of relationships, that where Double Bind there, there is Double-blind, as psicotizante system participants do not see, they do not see the effects of family communication patterns. And where there exists Double-blind double bind, since the same paradoxical logic of communication used in the two phenomena, only that the consequences of physical or verbal violence are much more explicit in the phenomenon of double-blind and more implicit in the phenomenon Double Link, which opens up an unlimited number of working hypotheses about how family systems are constructed boundary between the abusive families and families psicotizantes.
Social Research to us and posed with regard to the issue of abuse, abuse and violence on the continent patriarchal culture that gives meaning to this phenomenon and reconciled through the mediation and cultural transmission, psycho-social processes are manifested and nurtured from the patriarchal culture in which include invisibility and naturalness, for purposes of understanding this problem. In essence
patriarchal culture is based on a model of domination and subjugation based on male control over women, and the control of parents over hij @ s, as the use of power over the otr @, in which physical violence is one form of control exercised where the authority is threatened.
More specifically
as violent interactions within the family may indicate that these are organized around two variables: power and gender. The power gives rise to a vertical structure where the woman l @ s hij @ s are in a lower hierarchical position can be found in beliefs and expressions such as that women should always obey the husband and children l @ s it must their parents.
regard to gender, cultural stereotypes linked to attribute greater value to the male again put women at a lower hierarchical order in relation to man and can be found in expressions like:
If a woman beats her husband by something has to be, or expression that says: Who loves you clubs. Translated this into words of Watzlawick (1967) 23 exist in all human relationships including spousal abuse of power distribution methods that are transformed into relational types of complementarity and asymmetry relational systems built with styles and degrees of pathological rigidity.
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PSYCHOTIC IN THE FAMILY. PAIDOS 1995.
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