by ANDRES PENACHINO
According to Darwin in his theory on the evolution of species was based on the existence of hereditary variability.
Their work with plants and animals led him to hold it naturally given variations in species, and these may or may not help in the fight against survival.
Darwin reasoned that, through a process of natural selection, among all the variants of inheritance triumphed only copies that best adapted to the challenges of habitat. After favorable adaptation that was transmitted between generations.
Their work with plants and animals led him to hold it naturally given variations in species, and these may or may not help in the fight against survival.
Darwin reasoned that, through a process of natural selection, among all the variants of inheritance triumphed only copies that best adapted to the challenges of habitat. After favorable adaptation that was transmitted between generations.
In 1859 published the controversial book "The Origin of Species", the content, for many it was an open defiance of God, whereby only the devil could deny the operator's task to argue that man is descended from animals .
The historical method has decisive importance to understand the interaction of the social and biological in man.
Darwinism discovered the decisive factors of biological evolution of organisms, inheritance, variation and natural selection revealed the indestructible genetic link between man and the animal world, stating that the person comes from some animal species .
this regard is of particular interest to understand, that limits how biological evolution a new form of reflection under which and on the basis of labor and social relations made possible the transformation of our ancestors in men modern.
two questions arise immediately. First, how did the transition from the first animal species to human ancestors the ability to work towards an end? Second
What was the essence of the evolutionary processes by transforming human ancestors over many millions of years, created the "rational?".
Regarding the first question, although we have no complete and comprehensive response. It is only possible to state with genetic evolution of the species beings initial animals were acquiring the ability to reflect reality so that they were able to pass actions to an end.
The leap from animal to man occurred in the course of millions of years of hominid evolution and involves the interaction of new biological properties of reflection with a determining influence of social relationships and work. Had it not been for those influences, the most distant human ancestors had not initiated the species homo sapiens. It is absolutely true that the first historical fact through which individuals are distinguished from animals is that they think, but they begin to produce the means of life to meet their needs.
science about crime and its causes is structured in the second half of the nineteenth century to receive the name of criminology, sociology or criminal biology, according to which these sciences were specialists in studies that investigated the crime. Let us now look briefly at the special theories about the nature of the crime and its causes, which were developed in the field of social sciences.
In 1880 before the need arises to identify criminals in France, Germany and Italy, Criminal Anthropology and Criminology, both inspired by the ancient Craneoscopía of Franz Gall and that was to decipher the character of the individual through the outgoing the contours of the skull
a role in the development of criminological thought and supported and influenced by the theory of Gall, saw fit to so-called anthropological school of criminal law, founded by the Italian physician Cesare Lombroso (1835/1909). In his works "Criminal Man" and "Crime causes and treatment," Lombroso states that there are born criminals, such characters have anthropological, physiological, and specific psychological make up to 35% of offenders. In his book The Criminal Man, summarized their findings on a remarkable collection of skulls, and the study of abnormal morphology of 27,000 (murderers, epileptics, prostitutes, perverse sex, etc.).
try to describe the typical appearance of criminal skull measurements, height, weight, the discovery of anomalies in the structure of the body, etc.. as a way to identify the born criminal. On this basis
arrives, for example, found that a number of actors of the French Revolution, the Commune of Paris and International representatives were born criminals. Thus was the first step in using biological theories in the struggle against political opponents.
Lombroso's work comes to our time as revealed truth, and that judges and police, facing an offense with an unknown artist, blame the usual suspects. (Margin, immigrants, lower-class people, mulattoes, etc. ...).
The complexity of the problem in identification of offenders, as we see, has generated a great diversity of opinions in the literature, especially when it considers whether or not distinguish the offender, the man who observes the laws of some psychological trait, social, physical or otherwise. Discussions
no less intense causing the issue of personality for those who commit crimes. Discussions are wide and occur at different levels. Are linked in the assessment of man as he thinks, that creates life and destroys it, and the evaluation of social systems within which they live and act as a person.
A group of Soviet scientists in 1979 said that the personality of criminals, social essence, is an antisocial personality. The personal attitude of those who have committed a crime, unlike those law-abiding citizens, the systemic quality of the personality of an offender, which defines its characteristics as a social type, is anti-social nature of personality, hazards social. Human Genetics
The hereditary traits are passed from parents to offspring through sex cells (sperm and egg). The union of two cells during fertilization to form a new cell called zygote, from which the embryo develops. All human body cells contain a constant number of chromosomes, 23 pairs in total 46, called diploid.
women's chromosomes are designated by the symbol X, while men's Y. He is the last chromosome that differentiates men from women, the number 23 in the male is XY, XX for women called sex.
The latest controversy stems from a small work of Jacobs and colleagues (Nature Magazine 1965), based on an earlier Curt Brown 1962, Jacob made a study of 197 patients of dangerous driving in the State held Hospital for Sick mental Lanarkshire (Scotland) including 7 men found with XYY chromosome. These inmates had been convicted 92 times, but only 8 for crimes against persons.
The first report of a person with 47 chromosomes (one of them (XYY) instead of 46 was studied as a curiosity in 1961 by a researcher named Lancet
Subsequently, many researchers interested in the work of Jacobs begin studying this topic by surveys to determine the karyotype of individuals with aggressive behavior in prisons and high security hospitals. In this karyotype seek the existence of a double Y chromosome, male characteristic.
in 1968 marks the highest landmark in studies of XYY chromosome especially its relation to some crimes that became notorious.
emerged several murderers with the extra chromosome and in some cases the defense attorneys presented as evidence the existence of the extra chromosome, citing mental disorders and delays as having an alteration in the chromosomes, all cells were affected agencies . However
subsequent studies concluded that no criminal individuals genetically, but in some cases a genetic predisposition to crime, which, to be consumed requires the confluence with other factors, on which he can act to the individual free will and freedom.
The biological characteristics of personality are nonspecific by themselves can not generate crime, but exercise dependence in the dynamics of human behavior, are the status, morphological and psychophysiological basis of human social program.
can make a psychiatric study to establish whether a subject XYY may or may not biased or not fully considered not responsible for their actions.
But how to qualify the case that mentally ill people committing violent acts including murder?. In the criminal procedure law scheduled when necessary recourse to legal psychiatric examination to determine the state of accountability or insanity, which is indispensable to resolve the issue of liability. Today not only lawyers but that much of society understand that mental illness can generate no crime, but dangerous actions that do not involve legal liability. This means that the person is born sick and need to treat it since birth.
The branch of the thinkers who see the causes of crime in the environment where the individual develops, they understand that overcoming antisocial or socially dangerous acts, is directly linked to the discovery and elimination of the causes that generate and conditions further contribute to its realization.
The history shows convincingly that crime has always been a social phenomenon, historically subject to the vagaries of society while he lived. Crime is a social phenomenon, then it is primarily because it is formed by specific facts of the social behavior of men, or socially dangerous actions, which in the course of development of society are changing the types of crimes, the structure and dynamics of crime.
the scholars of our time estimate that in recent times the decisive factor increase in crime has been, scientific and technical progress as the automation of production processes in the breakdown of social ties, the crisis of education, marginalization, and in some parts of the world as the unintended consequence of neo Liberals, who have generated among other things, the famous dual societies or fractured societies.
The offense does not derive from the nature of man is a product of the complex interaction of personality with the environment, and the key role of the latter in the formation of the personality of an individual. Because the man half way through their individual characteristics, moral and psychophysiological, the latter also can serve as an important obstacle to adversely affect the environment.
a teenager who has grown up in a family where antisocial behavior is the norm, not condemned at all to become criminals. Even a person offending may be corrected under the action of an appropriate positive influence.
In none of the two sides dealt with this all said. Science for its part intensified studies on the genetic material, and each day are added to the knowledge of chromosomes and their alterations. Surely in the future will create new controversies surrounding this issue.
The other side will continue to explore the various social phenomena that create the enabling environment to breed criminals.
Both biological and the sociological theories are that after all, is reconciled with the idea that crime is eternal, but do not give any perspective in the fight against it.
While looking into the genetic basis for responding to social problems, we must also simultaneously attack the causes responsible for the behavioral changes and most of the problems confronting our society today, creating the right processes necessary for the crime, inter alia, to a reasonable limit. Andres
Penachino
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